molten charge

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набира́ть са́дку — build up a charge

производи́ть са́дку, напр. загото́вок в нагрева́тельную печь — charge, e. g., a heat of bars in a reheating furnace

са́дка вина́ — wine distilation

жи́дкая са́дка — molten charge

са́дка ко́жи — brittle grain

са́дка отпускно́й пе́чи — tempering charge

molten charge

molten charges

• садка f жидкая

english: liquid metal charge, molten charge

deutsch: flüssiger Einsatz m

français: charge f liquide

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

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Pilkington was educated at Sherborne School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in mechanical science. He spent one year at Cambridge followed by war service, which lasted until 1945. He returned to complete his degree and then joined Pilkington, the well-known glass manufacturer at St Helens' Lancashire, in 1947. Sir Alastair is not, however, related to the Pilkington family of glassmakers.

The forming of perfectly flat glass that retained its fire finish had eluded glassmakers for centuries. Until the 1950s the only way of making really flat glass was to form plate glass by continuous casting between steel rollers. This destroyed the fire finish, which had to be restored by expensive grinding and polishing. The process entailed the loss of 20 per cent of good glass. The idea of floating glass on molten metal occurred to Sir Alastair in October 1952, and thereafter he remained in charge of development until commercial success had been achieved. The idea of floating molten glass on molten tin had been patented in the United States as early as 1902, but had never been pursued. The Pilkington process in essence was to float a ribbon of molten glass on a bath of molten tin in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, to prevent oxidation of the tin. It was patented in Britain in 1957 and in the USA two years later. The first production glass issued from the plant in May 1957, although the first good glass did not appear until July 1958. The process was publicly announced the following year and was quickly taken up by the industry. It is now the universal method for manufacturing high quality flat glass.

Having seen through the greatest single advance in glassmaking and one of the most important technological developments this century, Sir Alastair became Chairman of Pilkingtons until 1980 and President thereafter.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.

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в состоя́нии литья́ — (in the) as-cast (condition)

в состоя́нии напла́вки — (in the) as-deposited (condition)

возмуща́ть состоя́ние — ( малые возмущения) perturb a state; ( большие возмущения) disturb a state

в отожжё́нном состоя́нии — (in the) as-annealed (condition)

в состоя́нии поста́вки — (in the) as-delivered (condition)

в состоя́нии прока́тки — (in the) as-rolled (condition)

в состоя́нии сва́рки — (in the) as-welded (condition)

в состоя́нии термообрабо́тки — (in the) as-heat-treated (condition)

переходи́ть из нача́льного в коне́чное состоя́ние ( в термодинамике) — change from the initial to the final state

переходи́ть из одного́ состоя́ния в друго́е — pass from one state to another

по состоя́нию документа́ции на … — as per documents in effect on …

амо́рфное состоя́ние — amorphous state

состоя́ние балансиро́вки ав. — trim

выводи́ть (самолё́т) из состоя́ния балансиро́вки — trim out (an airplane)

состоя́ние бе́дствия — the distress status

отменя́ть состоя́ние бе́дствия — cancel the distress status

безразли́чное состоя́ние (цифрового мата, релейной цепи и т. п.) вчт. — don't care condition, don't care state

вака́нтное состоя́ние — unoccupied [vacant] state

вале́нтное состоя́ние — valent state

состоя́ние вещества́, агрега́тное — state of aggregation of matter

взве́шенное состоя́ние — suspension

находи́ться во взве́шенном состоя́нии — be suspended, be in suspension

состоя́ние «включено́» — “on” state

возбуждё́нное состоя́ние — excited state

состоя́ние «вы́ключено» — “off” state

вы́мороженное состоя́ние — frozen state

вы́рожденное состоя́ние полупр. — degenerated state

газообра́зное состоя́ние — gaseous state

состоя́ние гото́вности — ready status, ready state

детермини́рованное состоя́ние киб. — determinate state

диспе́рсное состоя́ние — disperse state

состоя́ние «едини́ца» вчт. — one [“1”, unity] state

жи́дкое состоя́ние — liquid state

состоя́ние заря́да ( уровень заряжённости аккумулятора или батареи) — state of charge

иско́мое состоя́ние киб. — target state

ква́нтовое состоя́ние — quantum state

коне́чное состоя́ние — final state

кристалли́ческое состоя́ние — crystalline state

крити́ческое состоя́ние — critical state, criticality

лате́нтное состоя́ние — latent state, latency, abeyance

нагарто́ванное состоя́ние — cold-worked condition

состоя́ние нажо́ра кож. — plumping, plumpness

состоя́ние наклё́па — cold-worked condition

напряжё́нное состоя́ние — stressed state, state of stress

нача́льное состоя́ние — initial state

состоя́ние невесо́мости — state of weightlessness, gravity-free [weightless, zero-gravity, zero-g] state

невы́рожденное состоя́ние полупр. — non-degenerate state

недосту́пное состоя́ние — inaccessible state

ненапряжё́нное состоя́ние — limp state

необрати́мое состоя́ние — irreversible state

непроводя́щее состоя́ние — non-conducting state

неравнове́сное состоя́ние — non-equilibrium state

неупоря́доченное состоя́ние — disordered state

неустанови́вшееся состоя́ние — unsteady state

неусто́йчивое состоя́ние — unstable [labile] state

«нуль» состоя́ние вчт. — zero [“0”] state

обрати́мое состоя́ние — reversible state

состоя́ние ожида́ния вчт. — wait state

переходи́ть в состоя́ние ожида́ния — go into a wait state

состоя́ние оста́точной намагни́ченности — remanent state

состоя́ние отсе́чки — cut-off state

парообра́зное состоя́ние — vaporous state

перенасы́щенное состоя́ние — supersaturated state

переохлаждё́нное состоя́ние — supercooled state

состоя́ние поко́я — rest

(быть) в состоя́нии поко́я — (be) at rest, quiescent state

преде́льное состоя́ние

1. limiting state

2. т. над. final condition

промежу́точное состоя́ние — intermediate state

рабо́чее состоя́ние — running [working] order, serviceable condition

подде́рживать в рабо́чем состоя́нии — maintain (the plant) in a satisfactory state of operator [in proper working order]

равнове́сное состоя́ние — equilibrium state, state of equilibrium

распла́вленное состоя́ние — molten state

сверхпроводя́щее состоя́ние — superconducting state

свобо́дное состоя́ние — free state

состоя́ние с высо́ким потенциа́лом вчт. — high level

устана́вливать в состоя́ние высо́кого потенциа́ла — bring to high level

устана́вливаться в состоя́ние высо́кого потенциа́ла — go high

состоя́ние с высо́кой добро́тностью — high-Q state

свя́занное состоя́ние — bound state

состоя́ние с ни́зким потенциа́лом вчт. — low level

устана́вливать в состоя́ние ни́зкого потенциа́ла — bring to low level

устана́вливаться в состоя́ние ни́зкого потенциа́ла — go low

со́бственное состоя́ние — eigenstate

твё́рдое состоя́ние — solid state

упоря́доченное состоя́ние — ordered state

установи́вшееся состоя́ние — steady state

усто́йчивое состоя́ние — stable state

уточнё́нное состоя́ние вчт. — sense

состоя́ние элеме́нта па́мяти — state of a storage element

опра́шивать состоя́ние [производи́ть опро́с состоя́ния] элеме́нта па́мяти — interrogate [sense the state of] a storage element

распознава́ть состоя́ние элеме́нта па́мяти — sense the state of a storage element

энергети́ческое состоя́ние — energy state

энергети́ческое, незапо́лненное состоя́ние — unfilled [unoccupied, vacant] (energy) state

энергети́ческое, основно́е состоя́ние — ground (energy) state

энергети́ческое, разрешё́нное состоя́ние — allowed (energy) state

. известен под названием; носить имя

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Terrestrial photogrammetry denotes that branch wherein photographs are taken from...

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This component is designated the solvent.

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Such processes are said to be isothermal.

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Such a case is referred to as coordinate covalent bonding.

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Together, the rational numbers and irrational numbers are spoken of as (or are said to be) real numbers.

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см. тж. называть

 The ability of a mechanical system to dissipate energy from an external source is termed the stability increment.

 This oscillation of the vortices is referred to as vortex shedding.

 Slagging refers to the deposition of molten ash particles on the heat transfer surfaces of the furnce. (Шлакованием называется отложение...)

 This fuel was designated as "semiclean" since it contained an ash content of 0.2 percent by weight.

 Two of these compounds were identified as PNF-27 and PNF-28.

 The temperature difference between the hot and cold side of the vortex tube is called the temperature separation.

 These three methods are named premix, stratified and unstratified charge fuel injection.

— вне зависимости от того, как это называется

— который впредь будет называться

— ниже... будет называться

— обобщённо называются

— то, что в настоящее время называется

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

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He was the son of David Bruce, typefounder, who introduced stereotyping into the USA. As a boy, he was employed on various tasks about the typefoundry and printing works of D. \& G. Bruce until 1819, when he was apprenticed to William Fry of Philadelphia, at that time the most eminent printer in America. However, he ran away from Fry and returned to his father, from whom he continued to learn the typefounder's trade. Around 1828 he moved to Albany, where he took charge of a typefoundry. Two years later he was back in New York and joined the firm of George Bruce \& Co. In 1834 he moved to New Jersey, where he set about producing the improved form of typecasting machine for which he is chiefly known. Having achieved success, he set up in business again in New York and remained there until his retirement some twenty-five years before his death. Bruce in fact invented the first effective typecasting machine in New York in 1838 and patented it the same year. His machine incorporated a force pump to drive the molten metal from the pot into the mould. The machine, operated by a wheel turned by hand, could produce forty sorts of various sizes per minute. The machine speeded up the production of type: between 3,000 and 7,000 pieces of type could be cast by hand, whereas these figures were raised to between 12,000 and 20,000 by the casting machine. The Bruce caster was not introduced into Britain until 1853. It was later supplanted by improved machines, notably that invented by Wicks.

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